Canvas, Audio and WebGL: analysis of fingerprinting technologies

Today, websites don’t rely on cookies alone to recognize visitors. Even if you clear your history, switch IPs or use private browsing mode, your browser can still be identified through a digital fingerprint. This is a hidden set of technical signals that gets generated automatically on every visit. A browser fingerprint is a combination of parameters that describe your device and runtime environment. Individual attributes like browser version, screen resolution or language are shared by many users. But when combined, they form a highly distinctive profile. This profile is calculated in real time as the page loads, so it doesn’t depend on stored data. That’s why clearing cookies or using incognito mode doesn’t really change much. Beyond basic indicators such as user agent, timezone or interface language, modern fingerprinting relies on more advanced techniques like Canvas, AudioContext and WebGL. These methods use the browser’s graphics and audio stack to extract deeper information abou